Kyoto 6 GHGases

The targets cover emissions of the six main greenhouse gases, namely:
• Carbon dioxide (CO2);
• Methane (CH4);
• Nitrous oxide (N2O);
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and
• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

Source: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/3145.php

Ring Fence

A protection-based transfer of assets from one destination to another, usually through the use of offshore accounting. A ring fence is meant to protect the assets from inclusion in an investor's calculable net worth or to lower tax consequences.  

Moves to ring fence an asset are often called "ring fence trades".

Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/ringfence.asp#ixzz2D1MoSHkM

ITL

International Transaction Log The ITL verifies transactions proposed by registries to ensure they are consistent with rules agreed under the Kyoto Protocol. Each registry sends transaction proposals to the ITL, which checks each proposal and returns to the registry its approval or rejection. Once approved, registries complete the transaction. In the event that a transaction is rejected, the ITL sends a code indicating which ITL check has been failed and the registry terminates the transaction

.

Source: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/registry_systems/itl/items/4065.php

stoichiometric coefficient

The number of molecules of a reactant taking part in a reaction is known as Stoichiometric coefficient.

In a balanced reaction, both sides of the equation have the same number of elements. The stoichiometric coefficient is the number written in front of atoms, ion and molecules in a chemical reaction to balance the number of each element on both the reactant and product sides of the equation. Though the stoichiometric coefficients can be fractions, whole numbers are frequently used and often preferred. These stoichiometric coefficients are useful since they establish the mole ratio between reactants and products. In the equation:

2 Na (s) + HCl(aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H₂(g)

we can determine that 1 mole of HCl will react with 2 moles of Na(s) to form 2 moles of NaCl(aq) and 1 mole of H₂(g). If we know how many moles of Na we start out with, we can use the ratio of 2 moles of NaCl to 2 moles of Na to determine how many moles of NaCl were produced or we can use the ration of 1 mole of H2 to 2 moles of Na to convert to NaCl. This is known as the coeffient factor. The balanced equation makes it possible to convert information about one reactant or product to quantitative data about another element. Understanding this is essential to solving stoichiometric problems!

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dry ash-free

a theoretical measure of coal (or other organic material), based on a sample in which the moisture and ash are totally eliminated and the remaining constituents are recalculated to total 100 percent.

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CKD

Cement Kiln Dust Waste

Cement kiln dust (CKD) is the fine-grained, solid, highly alkaline waste removed from cement kiln exhaust gas by air pollution control devices. Because much of the CKD is actually unreacted raw materials, large amounts of it can and are, recycled back into the production process. Some CKD is reused directly, while some requires treatment prior to reuse. CKD not returned to the production process is typically disposed in land-based disposal units (i.e., landfills, waste piles, or surface impoundments), although some is also sold for beneficial reuse.

CKD is categorized by EPA as a "special waste" and has been temporarily exempted from federal hazardous waste regulations under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). EPA is in the process of developing standards for the management of CKD and has published a set of proposed Subtitle D (i.e., non-hazardous, solid waste) regulations to govern CKD management.

(Source: US EPA)

CCGT

Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT) are a form of highly efficient energy generation technology that combines a gas-fired turbine with a steam turbine.

The design uses a gas turbine to create electricity and then captures the resulting waste heat to create steam, which in turn drives a steam turbine significantly increasing the system's power output without any increase in fuel.

The technology is typically powered using natural gas, but it can also be fueled using coal, biomass and even solar power as part of solar combined cycle plants.

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NAMA

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (Source: Wikipedia)

Scope 1/2/3

RPS

Renewable Portfolio Standards Fact Sheet

Last updated April 2009

Renewable Portfolio Standards: An Effective Policy to Support Clean Energy Supply

A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) provides states with a mechanism to increase renewable energy generation using a cost-effective, market-based approach that is administratively efficient. An RPS requires electric utilities and other retail electric providers to supply a specified minimum amount of customer load with electricity from eligible renewable energy sources. The goal of an RPS is to stimulate market and technology development so that, ultimately, renewable energy will be economically competitive with conventional forms of electric power. States create RPS programs because of the energy, environmental, and economic benefits of renewable energy and sometimes other clean energy approaches, such as energy efficiency and combined heat and power (CHP).¹

How Does a Renewable Portfolio Standard Encourage Clean Energy?

An RPS creates market demand for renewable and clean energy supplies. Currently, states with RPS requirements mandate that between 4 and 30 percent of electricity be generated from renewable sources by a specified date. While RPS requirements differ across states, there are generally three ways that electricity suppliers can comply with the RPS:

• Owning a renewable energy facility and its output generation.
• Purchasing Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs).²
• Purchasing electricity from a renewable facility inclusive of all renewable attributes (sometimes called "bundled renewable electricity").

What Are the Benefits of a Renewable Portfolio Standard?

The policy benefits of an RPS are the same as those from renewable energy and CHP:

• Environmental improvement (e.g., avoided air pollution, global climate change mitigation, waste reduction, habitat preservation, conservation of valuable natural resources).
• Increased diversity and security of energy supply.
• Lower natural gas prices due to displacement of some gas-fired generation, or a more efficient use of natural gas due to significantly increased fuel conversion efficiencies.
• Reduced volatility of power prices, given stable or non-existent fuel costs for renewables.
• Local economic development resulting from new jobs, taxes, and revenue associated with new renewable capacity.

Because it is a market-based program, an RPS also has several operational benefits:

• Achieves policy objectives efficiently and at a relatively modest cost (ratepayer impacts range from less than 1 percent increases to 0.5 percent savings).
• Spreads compliance costs among all customers.
• Minimizes the need for ongoing government intervention.
• Functions in both regulated and unregulated state electricity markets.
• Provides a clear and long-term target for renewable energy generation that can increase investors' and developers' confidence in the prospects for renewable energy.

*Source: US EPA
**Additional reference availabe in Korean: KNREC